Anthropological and ethnological research in Brazil has been carried out, so far, more by vigorous individual effort then by institutions, schools or foundations. Among the individual effort, two should be highlighted as representative of the best that Brazilian social scientists have been able to do in this field: the work of Professor Nina Rodrigues on Negroes and Afro-Brazilians, accomplished at the end of the nineteenth century, and the work of Professor Roquette Pinto on Indians of Central Brazil, the results of which were published in the book Rondonia. Though Rodrigues was a professor of the Medical School of Bahia and Roquette Pinto was Director of the National Museum, their contributions to anthropological and ethnological research in Brazil may be considered mainly as magnificent individual efforts.

Only recently have institutions in Brazil begun to show concrete interest in this type of scientific research. It should be pointed out that universities are new in Brazil - a twentieth century innovation in Brazilian cultural and educational life. Previously there were professional and technical schools but not universities with a purely scientific interest in research. Research was done, however, to a certain extent, by the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (in natural history, anthropology and ethnology) and some of the materials gathered or published by this museums remain as valuable Brazilian contribution in these fields. The same should be said of the State Museum of São Paulo - Museu Paulista - and the Nina Rodrigues Museum of Bahia. The Goeldi Museum at Pará did, for some time, valuable work in ethnology.

With the organization and development of the University of São Paulo, the University of Rio de Janeiro (Federal District) - where pioneer work was done in social science, for it was here that the first university chair in social anthropology was established in Brazil in 1935 - the National University of Brazil and the School of Sociology of São Paulo, research on anthropology and ethnology in Brazil acquired a new rhythm - a more intense one. Something has been accomplished in these and other universities, but an immense task remains to be done by well-trained anthropologists and ethnologists in a country like Brazil where primitive tribes are still numerous in the central regions, and where miscegenation has produced new types of populations and cultures that deserve the careful attention of the anthropologist as well as of the sociologist.

Brazil is fortunate in having, at present, a number of anthropologists and ethnologists, Brazilian as well as foreign, attached not only to its schools and universities but to government and semiofficial institutions - men and women who are capable specialists and who are training students in field work or research. The state of Bahia is now engaged in a research plan, in which its University's Department of Anthropology, through a foundation, is working in harmony with a North American group of social anthropologists, one of them Professor Wagley of Columbia University. In Recife, there is an Institute for Social Research - The Joaquim Nabuco Institute - engaged in anthropological and sociological activities cover a larger part of North Brazil, from Bahia to Pará. Its main interest is now the sociological and ecological study of rural housing for small farmers and agricultural laborers in this region and the United Nations Organization, as well as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), has shown concrete interest in this Institute's activities along these lines as well as in connection with race relations.

A new institute for anthropological and sociological research will soon be organized on private initiative in Brazil. When asked by the well-known Brazilian journalist and publisher, Assis Chateaubriand, to organize a school that would be for North Brazil what the School of Sociology of São Paulo is for South Brazil, I suggested the organization, instead, of an entirely new type of research organization that would specialize in a comparative study of tropical areas of culture. In this Institute, to be known as "Instituto de Antropologia Tropical," the contributions of tropical civilizations to Brazil will be carefully studied preliminary to a comparative study of the tropical civilization of Brazil with other modern tropical civilization in America, Africa and Asia. It will have, attached to it, a museum.

It should be pointed out the National Committee on Folklore (Itamarati, Rio, Brazil) connected with UNESCO and under the direction of Sr. Renato Almeida has been doing good work of interest to all social scientists, including social anthropologists.

For assistance in the very difficult task of compiling the following information on Brazilian institutions concerned with anthropology, I am greatly indebted to Dr. Pericles Madureira de Penho, General Secretary to the Minister of Education of Brazil. Since completed data sheets have, at the time this volume goes to press, not been returned from the Universidade do Brasil, the Universidade de Minas Gerais, and the Universidade da Bahia, perhaps due to inefficient mail service, these institutions are not treated in the following pages.

All financial entries are in terms of the cruzeiro (U.S. 0.55).

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

ESCOLA LIVRE DE SOCIOLOGIA E POLÍTICA DE SÃO PAULO

Free School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo
Largo São Francisco 19
São Paulo

Administrative Officer: Director, Dr. Cyro Berlinck
Founded: 27 May 1933, for teaching, research and publication in social sciences.
Governing Body: Board of Trustees composed of a President, Professor Dr. Jorge Americano; Vice-President, Wallace Simonsen; Secretary, Dr. Antonio Carlos Couto de Barros; and 18 members. School is administered by the Director; a Vice-Director, Carlos Pinto Alves; a permanent Secretary, Antonio Rubbo Müller; a permanent Treasure, Octávio da Costa Eduardo; and a committee of five chosen the Director.
Organization: Division of Undergraduate Studies: (1) Sequence of Anthropology: Social Anthropology, Anthropological Theories, Professor, Antonio Rubbo Müller; Brazilian Ethnology, Professor, Dr. Herbert Baldus; Physical Anthropology, Ethnology, Professor, Octávio da Costa Eduardo; Introduction to Anthropology, Associate Professor, Fernando Altenfelder Silva; (2) Sequence of Sociology: Sociology, Social Anthropology, Professor, Dr. Donald Pierson; Sociology, Social Psychology, Sociological Research in Brazil, Professor, Oracy Nogueira. Division of Postgraduate Studies, Dean, Professor Donald Pierson: Section of Sociology and Anthropology: Origin and Development of Anthropology and Sociology in Europe and America, The Study of Society and Culture, Contemporary Peoples, Social and Cultural Change, The Study of Personality, Seminar in Sociology and Anthropology, Seminar on Methods of Social Research, Researches in Brazil; faculty consists of Professors Pierson, Müller, Baldus, Costa Eduardo, Nogueira, Altenfelder Silva.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Sequence: completion of Course on Initiation in social Sciences given at School, 7 or more years of secondary education or diploma from Education or Commerce Schools or equivalent or proof of having held job requiring experience in social sciences. Postgraduate Division: degree of Bachelor in Political and Social Sciences granted by School or of Bachelor in Social Sciences granted by a Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters or diplomas in Sequences of Anthropology and of Sociology granted by School provided applicant has degree different from above; examination in English and in French or German.
Fees: Entrance examination: postgraduate 150; matriculation: "Initiation" 100, Sequence 150, postgraduate 100; monthly installment per discipline: "Initiation" 25, Sequence 40, postgraduate 50; diploma: postgraduate 500; certificates: "Initiation" 100, Sequence 250, postgraduate 400.
Degrees: Diploma (Sequence), Bachelor in Political and Social Sciences, Master of Social Sciences.
Enrollment: In institution 245, in anthropology for degrees 7.
Research Facilities: Library and field work laboratory. School helps foreign scholars financially, by providing office space, and by arranging contacts and giving information.
Publications: Sociology, quarterly, Editors of ethnological sections, Herbert Baldus and Antonio Rubbo Müller.
Affiliations: Complementary to University of São Paulo.

FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA DE CAMPINAS

Faculty of Philosophy of Campinas
Campinas

Administrative Officer: Director, Rt. Ver. Monsignor Emilio José Salim.
Founded: 27 June 1941.
Governing Body: University of São Paulo.
Organization: Anthropology, Professor, Coriolano R. Alves; Social Anthropology, Emílio José Salim; Sociology, Rev. Amaury Castanho; Ethnography, Professor, Alcides Delgado. Other subjects related to anthropology are geography, history, philosophy.
Calendar: 1 March-15 June, 1 August-15 November.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course.
Fees: 3,000 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor (3 years), Licentiate (4 years), Doctor (5 years).
Enrollment: In institution 450, in anthropology 120, in anthropology for degrees 20.
Research Facilities: Laboratory, library, museum anthropometry instruments.
Financial Resources for Research: According to need.
Publications: Revista.

FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA DE CURITIBA

Faculty of Philosophy of Curitiba
Curitiba - Paraná

Administrative Officer: Director, Dr. José Loureiro Fernandes.
Founded: 5 August 1950.
Organization: Anthropology and Ethnology, Professor, José Loureiro Fernandes.
Calendar: 1 March-July, 1 August-December.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course.
Fees: 800 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor, Licentiate.
Enrollment: In institution 50, in anthropology 19.

FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E LETRAS DE JUIZ DE FORA

Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of Juiz de Fora
Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais

Administrative Officer: Director, Joaquim Ribeiro de Oliveira.
Founded: 28 November 1946, on private initiative.
Governing Body: Board of Directors, elected for five years.
Organization: Anthropology and Ethnography, Professor, João Ribeiro Villaca.
Calendar: 1 March-30 June, 1 August-30 November.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course, entrance examination.
Fees: 2,000 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor.
Enrollment: In institution 48, in anthropology 4.
Research Facilities: Laboratory, library, and museum.

FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA DO RECIFE

Faculty of Philosophy of Recife
Recife, Pernambuco

Administrative Officer: Director, Sister Maria José Torres.
Founded: 13 March 1941, for girls only.
Governing Body: Council, composed of Director and six members.
Organization: Section of Geography and History: Professor of Anthropology, Valdemar Valente.
Calendar: 1 March-15 June, 1 August-14 November.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course.
Fees:2,000 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor and Licentiate in History and Geography.
Enrollment: In institution 106, in anthropology 9, in anthropology for degrees 9.
Research Facilities: Library and museum.
Financial Resources for Research: Limited.
Publications: Lumen.

FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA DE SÃO BENTO

Faculty of Philosophy of São Bento
São Bento

Administrative Officer: Director, Dr. Candido Padin, O.S.B.
Founded: 13 June 1908.
Governing Body: University of São Paulo.
Organization: Professor of Anthropology and Ethnography, Rev. Dr. João Resende Costa, S.D.B. other subjects related to anthropology are geography and history.
Calendar: 1 March-15 November.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of a secondary or superior course.
Fees: 2,000 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor (3 years), Licentiate (4 years), Doctor (5 years and thesis).
Enrollment: In institution 181, in anthropology 18.
Research Facilities: Library of 15,000 volumes.
Financial Resources for Research: From University.
Publications: Revista da Universidade Catolica de São Paulo.
Affiliations: Associação Brasileira de Escolas Superiores Catolicas (Brazil Association of Catholic Schools of High Learning).

FACULDADE SALESIANA DE LORENA

Salesian Faculty of Lorena
Lorena, São Paulo

Administrative Officer: Reverend Father João Rezende Costa.
Founded: 14 February 1952, as private institution.
Governing Body: Catholic Brotherhood.
Organization: Geography and History Course: Anthropology and Ethnography, Professor, Reverend Father João Rezende Costa.
Calendar: 1 March-30 June, 1 August-15 December.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course.
Fees: No tuition.
Degrees: Bachelor, Licentiate, Doctor.
Enrollment: In institution 51.
Research Facilities: Library.

UNIVERSIDADE DO PARANÁ

University of Paraná
Curitiba, Paraná

Administrative Officer: Rector, Professor Flávio Suplicy de Lacerda.
Founded: 1912.
Governing Body: University Council and General Assembly.
Organization: Faculty of Philosophy (founded 26 February 1938): Sections of Anthropology, Ethnography, and Anthropogeography, Head and Professor, José Loureiro Fernandes.
Calendar: 1 March-July, 1 August-December.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary or normal school.
Degrees: Bachelor, Licentiate.
Enrollment: In faculty 510, in anthropology 27, in anthropology for degrees 20.

UNIVERSIDADE DO RECIFE

University of Recife
Rua Nunes Machado, 42
Recife, Pernambuco

Administrative Officer: Rector, Dr. Joaquim Inacio de Almeida Amazonas.
Founded: 1946.
Organization: Faculty of Philosophy (founded 25 May 1950), Director, Estevão de Meneses Ferreira Pinto: Geography and History Course: Professor of Anthropology and Ethnology, Estevão de Meneses Ferreira Pinto.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: 4 years ginasio or 3 years colegio.
Fees: 1,300 for entire course (3 years).
Degrees: Bachelor in Geography and History.
Enrollment: In faculty 104, in anthropology 38.
Research Facilities: Library; museum being organized.
Publications: Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia de Pernambuco, bibliographical index.

UNIVERSIDADE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

University of Rio Grande do Sul
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

Administrative Officer: Rector, Professor Alexandre Martins da Rosa.
Founded: 1936.
Organization: Faculty of Philosophy (founded March 1940), Head, Dr. Raul di Primio: General and Applied Anthropology, Ethnography, Professors: Raul di Primio, José Zacchia, Dante de Laytano.
Calendar: March-July, August-December.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course, entrance examination.
Fees: 1,600 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor, Licentiate, Doctor.
Enrollment: In faculty 640, in anthropology 75.
Research Facilities: Laboratory, library, and museum.
Financial Resources for Research: Limited.
Publications: Anais da Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul.

UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO

University of São Paulo
São Paulo

Administrative Officer: Rector, Dr. Lineu Prestes.
Founded: 25 January 1934.
Governing Body: University Council.
Organization: Faculty of Philosophy, Director, Professor Euripedes Simões de Paula; Section of Anthropology: Professor, Egon Schaden (acculturation of descendants of European and Asiatic immigrants in South Brazil; indigenous or Amerindian populations); Assistant in Anthropology, Senhora Gioconda Mussolini. See also ESCOLA LIVRE DE SOCIOLOGIA E POLÍTICA DE SÃO PAULO(p. 326), MUSEU DE ETNOGRAFIA (p. 328) and MUSEU PAULISTA (p. 329).
Calendar: 1 March-15 June, 1 August-30 November.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course, entrance examination.
Fees: None.
Degrees: Bachelor, Licentiate, Doctor.
Enrollment: In faculty 1,200, in anthropology 86, in anthropology for degrees 9.
Research Facilities: Specialized library of 3,000 volumes; laboratory and museum being organized.
Financial Resources for Research: Annual allocations from State government.
Publications: Boletim.

UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE PERNAMBUCO

Catholic University of Pernambuco
Recife, Pernambuco

Administrative Officer: Rector.
Governing Body: Council, including the Rector and Director.
Organization: Faculty of Philosophy (founded 27 September 1951, Director, Rev. F. Tavares Bragança, S.J.: Section of Anthropology and Ethnography: José Mariz de Moraes; Professor of Ethnography, Valdemar Valente.
Calendar: 1 March-30 November.
Language of Instruction: Portuguese.
Entrance Requirements: Completion of secondary course.
Fees: 2,000 per year.
Degrees: Bachelor (3 years), Licentiate (4 years).
Enrollment: In faculty 265, in anthropology 26, in anthropology for degrees 4.
Research Facilities: Laboratory, library, museum.
Financial Resources for Research: From University.
Publications: Verdade e Vida.
Other Activities: Public lectures.

RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND MUSEUMS

INSTITUTO DE PESQUISAS SOCIAIS "JOAQUIM NABUCO"

Institute of Social Research "Joaquim Nabuco"
Ave. Rui Barbosa, 1654, Recife, Pernambuco

Administrative Officer: Director, Paulo Frederico Maciel
Founded: 21 July 1949, by National Parliament law, to celebrate the first centennial of the birth of Joaquim Nabuco.
Governing Body: Federal Service Department.
Organization: Department of Anthropology, Chief, René Ribeiro: Assistant, Afonso Marinho. (Headships of Departments of Sociology, Economics, Human Geography, and Statistics still vacant.)
Principal Activities: Study of social and cultural conditions, especially of the small farmer and the agricultural laborer, of northern Brazil.
Anthropological Exhibits: Museum being organized.
Research Facilities: Library, and field equipment.
Financial Resources for Research: Federal government appropriation.
Publications: Boletim do Instituto Joaquim Nabuco.
Other Activities: Sponsors public lectures.

MUSEU DO ESTADO DE PERNAMBUCO

Museum of the State of Pernambuco
Recife, Pernambuco

Administrative Officer: Director, Professor José M. C. de Albuquerque.
Founded: 19331929, by Governor of State.
Governing Body: Director appointed by Governor of State.
Organization: Section of Brazilian ethnography recently inaugurated.
Principal Activities: Exhibits.
Important Anthropological Collections: Materials gathered in Amazonian area by Professor Carlos Estevão; Amerindian material.

MUSEU DE ETNOGRAFIA

Museum of Ethnography
Rua Maria Antonia No. 294
Caixa Postal No. 8105, São Paulo

Administrative Officer: Plínio Marques da Silva Ayrosa.
Founded: 1934, as Museu Etnográfico.
Governing Body: Chair of Ethnography and Tupi-Guarani Languages, University of São Paulo.
Organization: Professor, Dr. Plínio Ayrosa; Assistant Professor, Dr. Carlos Drumond; Assistant Professor, Maria de Lourdes Joyce; Assistant Professor, Juan Jacob Philipson.
Principal Activities: Teaching and research on the material culture of Brazilian indigenous groups.
Important Anthropological Collections: Canella and Bororo collections, Tupi ceramics, Rio Negro wooden signal drums.
Research Facilities: Specialized library open to the public by appointment.
Publications: Series on ethnography and Tupi-Guarani languages.

MUSEU NACIONAL

National Museum
Rio de Janeiro

Administrative Officer: Director, Miss Heloisa Alberto Torres.
Founded: 6 June 1818, as Museum of Natural Sciences and Ethnography.
Governing Body: Federal Service Department, subordinate to the Ministry of Education.
Organization: Sections of Archaeology, Ethnography, and of Anthropology: Heloisa Alberto Torres (ethnography and archaeology), Luiz de Castro Faria (ethnography and archaeology), Eduardo Galvão (ethnography), Tarcisio T. Messias (physical anthropology), Pedro Lima (physical anthropology); all part-time.
Principal Activities: Exhibits of collections on physical anthropology, South American ethnology, Brazilian Indians, popular arts, Egyptian archaeology.
Important Anthropological Collections: Brazilian Indian ethnography and archaeology.
Research Facilities: Laboratory, great amount of physical anthropology equipment, library of 90,000 volumes and additional periodicals on geology, botany, zoology, ethnology (bibliofilm service).
Financial Resources for Research: 600,000 per year for field work.
Publications: Boletim do Museu Nacional, annually.
Affiliations: Universidade do Brasil (University of Brazil).

MUSEU NINA RODRIGUES

Nina Rodrigues Museum
Salvador, Bahia

Administrative Officer: Director, Estácio de Lima.
Founded: 1905.
Governing Body: University of Bahia and the State government.
Organization: The director of this legal medicine museum is Professor of Legal Medicine at the Medical School; staff numbers 28 assistants.
Principal Activities: Necroscopy, legal medicine inquiries, ethnology.
Anthropological Exhibits: Permanent, viewed by ca. 2,500 persons per year.
Important Anthropological Collections: Afro-Brazilian cult materials.
Research Facilities: Library of 1,000 volumes, laboratory with physical anthropological equipment.
Financial Resources for Research: Ca. 2,000 per year from State.
Publications: Arquivos do Instituto Nina Rodrigues.
Other Activities: Folklore studies.

MUSEU PARAENSE "EMILIO GOELDI"

Pará Museum "Emilio Goeldi"
Belém, Pará

Administrative Officer: Director, Dr. Armando Bordalo da Silva.
Founded: 25 March 1871.
Governing Body: Department of Education and Culture, State of Pará.
Organization: Naturalist, Peter Paul Hilbert; Assistant in Zoology, Alois Strympl; Naturalist, José Luiz Coelho; Naturalist, Ruben Gentil Cavalcante; Naturalist, Inocencio Machado Coelho Neto.
Anthropological Exhibits: Permanent, on ethnography of the Brazilian Indians.
Important Anthropological Collections: Marajó, Santarem and Cunani archaeological remains.
Research Facilities: Good library; laboratory closed.
Publications: Boletim do Museu.

MUSEU PAULISTA

Paulist Museum
Caixa Potal 8032, São Paulo

Administrative Officer: Director, Sérgio Buarque de Hollanda.
Founded: 1894.
Governing Body: Director and division directors.
Organization: Division of Ethnograpy, Heard, dr. Herbert Baldus: Assistant, Harald Schultz; Associate Assistant, Ashtar de Assis; Associate Assistant, Myrthes Nogueira; Biologist, Frederico Lane.
Principal Activities: Exhibits and research.
Anthropological Exhibits: Permanent.
Important Anthropological Collections: On Brazilian Indian tribes.
Research Facilities: Library of 30,500 volumes; some equipments.
Financial Resources for Research: From the State treasury.
Publications: Revista do Museu Paulista, Editor, Herbert Baldus.
Affiliations: Complementary to University of São Paulo.

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE SOCIOLOGIA

Brazil Society of Sociology
Rua Maria Antonia 294, São Paulo

Principal Officers: President, Professor Fernando de Azevedo; Vice-President, Professor Wagner da Cunha; Secretary, Professor R. Müller; Treasurer, Professor E. Schaden.
Governing Body: Council and General Assembly.
Founded: 1935.
Purpose: To develop teaching of and research in sociology and anthropology.
Meetings: Seminarios for scientific discussion, as well as routine meetings.
Membership: 80. Dues are 10 cruzeiros.
Publications: Revista Brasileira de Sociologia (to commence 1953).
Affiliations: International Sociological Association, since 1950; Association Latino-Americana de Sociologia, since 1952.
Other Activities: Planning a Brazilian Congress of Sociology for 1954, and publication of a sociological and anthropological study of São Pulo to commemorate its 4th centennial.

SUBSIDIZING AGENCIES

CONCELHO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS

National Council of Research
Presidencia da Republica
Rio de Janeiro

Executive Officer: President, Admiral Alvara Alberto.
Governing Body: Council.
Awards or Subsidies Available: Since 1951 to researches in physical and biological sciences. First one in social sciences (social anthropology and sociology) granted, unsolicited, to Gilberto de Mello Freyre in June 1952 "as an exception."
Affiliations: Annex tot he Presidency of the Republic of Brazil.

FUNDAÇÃO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CIENCIA NA BAHIA

Foundation for the Development of Science in Bahia
Rua Graca 13, Bahia

Executive Officer: Director, Jayme J. Ayres.
Founded: 13 December 1950, by State law, to raise funds for scientific research.
Governing Body: Council of 7 members.
Awards or Subsidies Available: Two fellowships in social sciences awarded in 1951, one in Columbia University, U.S.A., one in the University of São Paulo. The Foundation has acted as connecting link between the government of Bahia and the Department of Anthropology at Columbia University (Professor C. Wagley) in a plan of anthropological and sociological research in the interior of Bahia.
Financial Resources: By law, part of State revenue is employed for scientific research.
Other Activities: Cooperates with UNESCO on race relations research in Brazil. Cooperates also with the Institute of Social Research "Joaquim Nabuco," which is connected with UNESCO e UNO in matters of social research.

Fonte: FREYRE, Gilberto. Brazil. [S.l.] : International Directory of Anthropological Institutions, [19--]. p. 325-329.